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Jewish Courts

These courts existed within the structures of Jewish self-government. The Kalisz privilege, issued in 1264, mentioned an internal Jewish court system that heard disputes between Jews. Each Jewish Community had its own court�larger Communities had three courts. Every one had at least three judges, known as dayanim.

Each of the courts dealt with cases of varying severity. The lowest heard minor cases, in which the object of the dispute was not more valued at more than 10 zlotys. In large Communities, such as Krakow, they even convened daily.
In addition to the dayanim, the rabbi also took part in sessions of the highest court, which heard serious financial cases and those related to religious law, such as those against morality or religious regulations. Some of the cases were heard by the Community's governing body. Most often, the court met at the synagogue, or sometimes in another building belonging to the Community.

Disputes between individual Communities, and also between Community governments and offices, were decided by the land courts or the Jewish Sejm, which was also where the Sejm tribunal met.
The Jewish courts based their decisions on legal regulations contained in the Talmud and rabbinical literature. In more complex cases, they turned to the learned rabbis (rabbinical responses), who were also regarded as authorities in such legal matters.
(H.W./CM)
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Adam Mickiewicz Institute, Mokotowska 25, 00-560 Warsaw tel. (48-22) 44 76 100,
fax. (48-22) 44 76 152;